Small and emerging economies can build globally competitive industries through strategic public–private collaboration rather than relying primarily on subsidies or trade restrictions. Drawing on five country case studies across Indonesia, Peru, Costa Rica, Chile and Viet Nam, the analysis highlights the roles of private-sector leadership, targeted government support, foreign investment, technology transfer and long-term capability development. Six guiding principles are outlined to help governments and businesses strengthen export competitiveness, deepen local value chains and establish sustainable industrial advantages amid an increasingly fragmented global economy.
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