Indonesia’s pursuit of becoming an advanced economy by 2045 is challenged by concentrated trade, investment, and supply chain dependencies that heighten its exposure to geopolitical and economic shocks.

Thailand’s experience illustrates the intricate relationship between monetary policy and household debt, examined through a framework that separates changes in debt into net new borrowing and the Fisher effect. Findings show that monetary policy generates intertemporal trade-offs: while easing measures can relieve short-term debt burdens, they also stimulate long-term debt accumulation.

Thailand exhibits clear signs of aggregate herd behavior in its equity market, particularly during times of financial turbulence and negative market returns. The study finds that firm-specific information—measured through return residual, return skewness, and information discreteness—plays a pivotal role in shaping such behavior.

Thailand’s economic growth from 1995 to 2019 was strongly influenced by tourism revenue, visa exemption policies, and trade flows, all of which showed significant positive correlations with GDP, while unemployment had a negative impact.

Thailand’s introduction of a nationwide minimum wage hike in 2012–2013—an increase of over 40%—had significant impacts on worker earnings, employment dynamics, and the sorting between workers and firms.

Indonesia’s economy remains resilient despite global headwinds, with medium-term growth projected to average 4.8% annually between 2025 and 2027.

.Urban density in Thailand’s major cities—Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen, and Songkla—is closely linked to higher labour productivity, with a 1% increase in density associated with an 8.9% rise in hourly wages due to factors such as agglomeration economies, knowledge spillovers, and improved access to skilled labour.