Shadows of Censorship: Indonesia’s Content Moderation Policy Development
Indonesia’s content moderation framework, under MOCI Regulation No. 5/2020 and refined by Decree No. 522/2024, faces criticism for its opaque enforcement, broad legal definitions, and potential for overreach, which could stifle free expression. The introduction of the SAMAN system adds new moderation measures at a time when the country’s startup ecosystem is struggling, with investments plummeting from USD 10.9 billion in 2021 to USD 800 million in 2024. State interference in internet access—through shutdowns, throttling, and service blocking—also imposes significant economic costs, with a single day of total shutdown estimated to cost USD 53 million in GDP. To address these challenges, policymakers are urged to adopt a rights-focused, transparent, and accountable approach, including clearer content definitions, consistent enforcement of moderation rules, stakeholder co-governance, and enhanced public oversight, balancing online safety with fundamental freedoms and local context.