Studies of the Indonesian political economy suggest a transformation of government-business relationship from a “patrimonial administrative” state, in which bureaucrats are dominant, to a “patrimonial oligarchic” state dominated by business actors.

The Trump administration’s method of defining “reciprocal tariffs” is unconventional, basing the rate on the extent of the U.S. trade deficit with each country rather than mirroring their actual tariffs.

Just when the global economy began adjusting to the idea of a new normal under United States President Donald Trump’s reciprocal tariff doctrine, the plot twisted.

The Amundi Investment Institute’s April 2025 report, “Liberation Day Tariffs: An Initial Assessment,” analyzes the sweeping new U.S. tariffs under President Trump, marking the highest average tariff rate in a century.

Outlining the sweeping effects of the U.S. administration’s new “Liberation Day” tariff measures, which impose a 36% levy on Thai exports—starting with 10% on April 5 and an additional 26% on April 9, this short report covers the impacts that will befall Thailand in the days to come.

This growth is also linked to Indonesia's thriving digital economy, with projections estimating gross merchandise value could reach $200-360 billion by 2030. AI, particularly in financial services, is driving much of this progress, improving fraud detection, risk assessments, and customer experiences.

The Indonesian Financial Services Authority says bank branches and ATMs are mostly located in Java (62.55% of the total), while the remaining are across the country from Sumatra to Papua. Access to finance and realizing the economic potential that that could unlock has become a priority for the the Indonesian government in its economic strategizing.

Indonesia's AI readiness still remains in the early development stage. To harness AI's full potential, Indonesia must prioritize robust investment in digital infrastructure, cultivate AI-skilled workforces, and strengthen governance to ensure responsible and inclusive implementation across sectors.

Indonesia's Comprehensive Wealth Index (CWI) has nearly tripled over the past 25 years, growing from IDR 404.3 million (USD PPP 86,100) in 1995 to IDR 1.13 billion (USD PPP 240,750) in 2020. This growth, driven primarily by human and produced capital, reflects an average annual increase of 4.3%, yet natural capital has remained stagnant.